Could speech disorders in children with cleft lip and palate be justified by impaired central auditory skills?

ABSTRACT Purpose: to verify the association between central auditory skills and speech disorders related to velopharyngeal dysfunction. Methods: forty-five children, with repaired non-syndromic cleft lip and palate or cleft lip only, aged 7-11 years old, were divided into three groups: G1 (n=15), children with hypernasality, nasal air emission, and compensatory articulations; G2 (n=15), children with hypernasality and nasal air emission, but without compensatory articulations; and G3 (n=15), children without hypernasality, nasal air emission, and compensatory articulations. The medical records of all participants were analyzed to verify the eligibility criteria and obtain speech assessments, and then, they were submitted to an assessment of central auditory skills. Statistical analysis comprised descriptive and chi-square test with a significance level of 5%. Results: G1 presented a higher occurrence of impairment in central auditory skills differing from the other groups, particularly in the temporal ordering and binaural integration skills. A significant difference was observed among groups in temporal ordering ability. No significant association was found between the use of specific types of compensatory articulations and impaired auditory skills. Conclusion: there was an association between changes in temporal ordering auditory skills and binaural integration in children with velopharyngeal dysfunction, regardless of the presence or type of compensatory articulation found.

Salivary Cortisol and Sustained Auditory Attention in Children with and without Cleft Lip and Palate

Abstract Introduction Cortisol is a hormone involved in the response to stress. Attention is a function that can change due to exposure to stress. Objectives To verify the correlation between the level of salivary cortisol and sustained auditory attention in children with cleft lip and palate, as well as to compare the results of the variables analyzed between female and male patients. Methods In total, 103 children aged 6 to 11 years, were divided into 2 groups: those with cleft lip and palate (experimental group, EG; n = 69) and the control group (CG; n = 34). The Sustained Auditory Attention Ability Test (SAAAT) and salivary cortisol levels, measured by an enzyme immunoassay kit (Salimetrics, Stage College, PA, US), were calculated and compared regarding the two groups. The statistical tests used were the Mann-Whitney test and the Spearman correlation. Results The median level of salivary cortisol was of 0.03615 μl/dL and 0.18000 μl/dL respectively for the EG and CG, with a significant difference between the groups (p =0.000). Absence of statistical significance (total error score = 0.656; vigilance decrement = 0.051) was observed the for SAAAT among the EG (median total error score = 12.00; 25th percentile [25%] = 7.00; 75th percentile [75%] = 21.00; and vigilance decrement = 1.00; 25% = 0.00; 75% = 2.50) and the CG (median total error score = 12.00; 25% = 6.00; 75% = 24.00; and vigilance decrement = 0.00; 25% = -1.00; 75% = 2.00). Conclusion All children had median levels of salivary cortisol and scores for sustained auditory attention within normal parameters. A significant correlation between the level of salivary cortisol and the ability to sustain auditory attention was observed in children without cleft lip and palate. There were no differences regarding the SAAAT and salivary cortisol between female and male patients.

Preliminary Study of the Applicability of Software in the Investigation of Sustained Auditory Attention

Abstract Introduction The use of auditory behavioral tests, which specifically assess sustained attention, is necessary, due to its relationship with learning, language production, cognitive development and school performance. Objective To evaluate how children performed using software developed to investigate the ability of sustained auditory attention, and to compare the scores obtained in this format with those of the original, non-computerized test. Methods This cross-sectional study included 52 children of both genders, aged 6 to 11 years, with normal hearing and no history of complaints regarding inattention and/or hyperactivity. The computerized test was administered to all 52 children. The total error score (inattention and impulsivity) and the vigilance decrement were used to define the children's performance when using the software. The scores obtained in the two formats (computer software and original on compact disc) were then compared. Results Statistically significant differences were found in the scores for innattention, impulsivity, and total error score (inattention and impulsivity) when comparing genders, and a negative correlation coefficient was found when comparing ages. Increased scores were found for all variables of the sustained auditory attention ability test (SAAAT) compared with the original format. Conclusion Females performed worse than males in all aspects except for vigilance decrement when using the SAAATsoftware developed to evaluate the ability of SAAAT vigilance; younger children made more errors when using the SAAAT software; inattention errors were more frequent than impulsivity. Overall, higher values were obtained using the SAAAT software, when compared with the original version.

Development and Evaluation of a Blog about Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate and Hearing

Abstract Introduction Cleft lip and cleft palate can result in impairments in communication, specifically in hearing, making the use of technological resources such as blogs a fundamental guideline for health professionals. Objective The aim of this study was to prepare and analyze the access to a blog about cleft lip and cleft palate and hearing as a pedagogical tool for health professionals. Methods The first stage for the development of the blogwas the selection of the content that would be addressed and the respective illustrations. The second stage was making the blog available through theWordPress platform, and the third stage included the evaluation of the blog, of the access to theWordPress statistical features, and of the quality of the blog through the Emory questionnaire, which was answered by 75 professionals. Results The blog, titled "Fissure and Hearing", was developed with the architecture of a digital information environment containing a system of organization, navigation, labeling and search (first stage). The address hosting the blog was: http://fissuraeaudicao. wordpress.com (second stage). The result of the third stage included 56,269 views of the blog from different countries, and Brazil was the country with the highest viewing. Regarding the assessment by the Emory questionnaire, we found that for most of the major issues, the percentages obtained were or equal to 90%, while the analysis of the scales, navigation and structure presented the lowest scores. Conclusion The blog was developed and enabled greater access to information available on the web about cleft lip and cleft palate and hearing.

A relação entre o nível socioeconômico e a ocorrência de bullying escolar em crianças com fissuras labiopalatinas / The relationship between socioeconomic status and the incidence of school bullying in children with cleft lip and palate

Este artigo se propõe a identificar a relação entre o nível socioeconômico e a incidência de bullying escolar em crianças com fissuras labiopalatinas. Este é um estudo descritivo transversal, realizado em um hospital de referência para lábio leporino e fenda palatina e anomalias relacionadas. A população foi composta de 56 crianças na faixa etária de 7 a 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, com fissura de lábio e palato, inscrita no hospital e moradores da mesma cidade. Os dados foram coletados através de um instrumento de estudo socioeconômico, um protocolo de serviço social da instituição, aplicado aos pais dos pacientes no período entre outubro de 2012 e julho de 2013. A relação entre o nível socioeconômico e a incidência de bullying escolar foi identificado através de um método de análise descritiva. Os dados revelaram que o bullying escolar ocorreu com maior prevalência entre as crianças pertencentes aos níveis socioeconômicos baixos: inferior (20%) e superior (71%), 92% de alunos de escolas públicas regulares, 80% frequentam a escola fundamental incompleto I e 82% com fendas envolvendo lábio e palato simultaneamente (CLP). Em crianças com fissura labiopalatina, situações de bullying escolar estão relacionados com o baixo nível socioeconômico. Portanto, sugerimos a elaboração e execução, por parte da comunidade científica, de pesquisa e políticas públicas, a fim de prevenir o bullying escolar nas classes sociais de nível inferior, como uma estratégia de habilitação ou reabilitação psicossocial.

As repercussões sociais em indivíduos com distúrbios da comunicação associados às fissuras labiopalatinas com e sem perda auditiva / The social impact on individuals with communication disorders associated with cleft lip and palate with and without hearing loss

Objetivo Identificar as repercussões sociais em indivíduos com distúrbios da comunicação associados às fissuras labiopalatinas com e sem perda auditiva. Métodos Participaram crianças e adolescentes de 7 anos a 15 anos e 11 meses de idade, de ambos os gêneros, com fissuras de lábio e palato ou de palato isolado, com e sem perda auditiva associada. A pesquisa foi composta por 52 participantes, divididos em dois grupos: um constituído por 36 crianças e adolescentes com fissuras labiopalatinas e sem perda auditiva e outro, por 16 sujeitos com fissuras labiopalatinas e com perda auditiva associada. Resultados Constatou-se que as repercussões socioeconômicas, familiares, educacionais e sociais são comuns aos grupos. Conclusão As crianças e adolescentes com perda auditiva associada à fissura labiopalatina não estão em “desvantagem” no que se refere às repercussões econômicas, familiares, escolares e sociais, em relação às que não têm o distúrbio de audição. Ambos os grupos vivenciam o acirramento de conviver com o comprometimento estético e funcional causado pela anomalia e de viver em uma sociedade totalmente preocupada com a imagem e julgadora das diferenças. .

Purpose To identify the social impact on individuals with communication disorders associated with cleft lip and palate with and without hearing loss. Methods Participation by children and adolescents from 7 years to 15 years and 11 months old, of both genders, with cleft lip and palate or isolated cleft palate, with and without associated hearing loss. The survey consisted of 52 participants, divided into two groups: one consisting of 36 children and adolescents with cleft lip and palate without hearing loss and the other, 16 subjects with cleft lip and palate with associated hearing loss. Results It was found that the socio-economic, family, educational and social effects are common to both groups. Conclusion Children and adolescents with hearing loss associated with cleft lip and palate are not “disadvantaged” when referring to economic, family, school and social repercussions in relation to those who do not have hearing disorders. Both groups experience the worsening of living with the aesthetic and functional impairment caused by the anomaly and living in a society entirely concerned with the image and judging differences. .

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in children with lead exposure / Potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico em crianças com exposição ao chumbo

Introduction: Earlier studies have demonstrated an auditory effect of lead exposure in children, but information on the effects of low chronic exposures needs to be further elucidated. Objective: To investigate the effect of low chronic exposures of the auditory system in children with a history of low blood lead levels, using an auditory electrophysiological test. Methods: Contemporary cross-sectional cohort. Study participants underwent tympanometry, pure tone and speech audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, and brainstem auditory evoked potentials, with blood lead monitoring over a period of 35.5 months. The study included 130 children, with ages ranging from 18 months to 14 years, 5 months (mean age 6 years, 8 months ± 3 years, 2 months). Results: The mean time-integrated cumulative blood lead index was 12 µg/dL (SD ± 5.7, range:2.433). All participants had hearing thresholds equal to or below 20 dBHL and normal amplitudes of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions. No association was found between the absolute latencies of waves I, III, and V, the interpeak latencies I-III, III-V, and I-V, and the cumulative lead values. Conclusion: No evidence of toxic effects from chronic low lead exposures was observed on the auditory function of children living in a lead contaminated area. .

Introdução: Estudos anteriores têm demonstrado efeitos da exposição ao chumbo no sistema auditivo em crianças, porém a exposição deste metal em níveis baixos ainda precisa ser investigada. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos da exposição crônica ao chumbo no sistema auditivo de crianças com histórico de baixo nível sanguíneo de chumbo por meio de um teste eletrofisiológico. Método: Estudo de coorte transversal contemporânea. Foram realizados imitanciometria, audiometria tonal liminar e vocal, emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes e potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico, com o monitoramento sanguíneo de chumbo durante um período de 35,5 meses. Participaram 130 crianças na faixa etária de 18 meses a 14 anos e 5 meses (6a8 m ± 3a2 m). Resultados: A média estimada do índice de pumblemia foi 12 mg/dL (DP ± 5,7). Todos os participantes apresentaram limiares auditivos iguais ou inferiores a 20 dBNA e amplitude normal das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes. Não foi encontrada associação entre as latências absolutas das ondas I, III e V e interpicos I-III, III-V e I-V e os valores cumulativos de chumbo. Conclusão: Não foi observada evidência de efeitos tóxicos em baixas exposições crônicas ao chumbo sobre a função auditiva de crianças que vivem em uma área contaminada por este metal. .

Avaliação audiológica em crianças com baixo nível de exposição cumulativa ao chumbo / Audiological evaluation in children with cumulative low-level of lead exposure

Objetivo verificar a ocorrência de perda auditiva sensorioneural em crianças com baixo nível de exposição cumulativa ao chumbo. Métodos 156 crianças intoxicadas por chumbo, 94 do sexo masculino e 62 do sexo feminino, na faixa etária entre 18 meses a 14 anos e 5 meses, foram submetidas a análise longitudinal do nível de Plumbemia em sangue, bem como audiometria tonal liminar e emissões otoacústicas evocadas por estímulo transiente. Resultados a população pesquisada apresentou um valor médio de Plumbemia estimada de 12,2±5,7mg/dL (faixa entre 2,4-33mg/dL); todas as crianças apresentaram resposta normal na audiometria tonal liminar em 20 dBNA nas frequências testadas, 0,5; 1; 2 e 4 kHz, para ambas as orelhas; as emissões otoacústicas evocadas por estímulo transiente estiveram presentes para todas as frequências bilateralmente, nas 79 crianças pesquisadas. Conclusão não foi constatada perda auditiva sensorioneural em crianças com histórico de baixo nível de exposição cumulativa por chumbo, assim como não foi encontrada lesão de células ciliadas externas na cóclea, mesmo que subclínicas. .

Purpose to verify the occurrence of sensorineural hearing loss in children with low level of cumulative lead exposure. Methods 156 lead-poisoned children, 94 males and 62 females, ranging in age from 18 months old to 14 years and 5 months old were subjected to analysis of longitudinal lead level in blood as well as pure tone audiometry and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions. Results the population studied had a mean estimated blood lead level of 12,2±5,7mg/dL (range between 2,4 and 33mg/dL); all children had a normal response in pure tone audiometry at 20 dBHL in the frequencies tested, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz, in both ears; the transient evoked otoacoustic emissions were presented for all frequencies bilaterally in 79 children surveyed. Conclusion there has been no hearing loss in children with a history of low cumulative lead exposure, as there was no injury of cochlear outer hair cells, even if subclinical. .

Language Disorders in Children with Unilateral Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Childhood is a critical period for language development and maturation of the central auditory system. Unilateral hearing loss (UHL) is considered a minimal impairment, and little is discussed regarding its impact on the development of language, communication, and school performance. Objectives: A bibliographical survey of scientific articles published from 2001 to 2011 was performed to verify which language disorders can occur in children with UHL and which tests were performed to identify them. Data Synthesis Three databases were used: PubMed, Lilacs, and The Cochrane Library. As inclusion criteria, the articles should have samples of children with UHL, without other impairments, aged between 3 months and 12 years, and reference to language tests applied in this population. Out of 236 papers initially selected, only 5 met the inclusion criteria. In the articles studied, 12 tests were used for language assessment in children with UHL, out of which 9 were directed toward expressive language, and 3 toward receptive language. Children with UHL demonstrated lower scores on receptive and expressive language tests when compared with children with normal hearing. However, they obtained better scores on expressive language tests than children with bilateral hearing loss. Conclusion: The findings of this survey showed that only a small number of studies used language tests in children with UHL or addressed language alterations resulting from this type of impairment. Therefore we emphasize the importance of investments in new studies on this subject to provide better explanations related to language difficulties presented by children with UHL.

Processamento temporal, fonologia e escrita em crianças contaminadas por chumbo / Temporal processing, phonology and writing in lead-contaminated children

Objetivos : analisar o impacto das habilidades do processamento auditivo temporal e da fonologia na escrita de crianças contaminadas por chumbo.Método : participaram deste estudo 24 crianças de ambos os gêneros, com nível de plumbemia igual ou superior a 10µg/dL, sem alterações auditivas. Foram avaliados escrita espontânea, memória auditiva imediata, discriminação auditiva, consciência fonológica e feita triagem do processamento auditivo temporal. As crianças foram divididas em dois grupos (GE – crianças com trocas de consoante surda por sonora na escrita; GC – crianças sem alterações na escrita).Resultados : no GE, 8 crianças (67%) apresentaram alteração de discriminação auditiva, na PCF e desempenho não esperado no AFT-R (Subteste 1). No GC, apenas 1 criança (8%) apresentou alteração de discriminação auditiva e na PCF e desempenho não esperado no AFT-R (Subteste 1). O Teste Exato de Fisher indicou diferença significante entre os grupos nas habilidades de memória auditiva e discriminação auditiva.Conclusão : não houve diferença significante entre o desempenho na triagem do processamento auditivo temporal nos grupos avaliados. As crianças contaminadas pelo chumbo que apresentaram alteração de escrita obtiveram pior desempenho nas provas de consciência fonológica, discriminação auditiva, memória auditiva imediata.

Purpose : analyze the impact of temporal auditory processing in writing and phonology of children with lead poisoning.Method : this study included 24 children, both genders, with a blood lead level equal or higher than 10μg/dL, without hearing impairment. Were assessments the spontaneous writing, immediate auditory memory, auditory discrimination, phonological awareness and auditory processing screening. Were assessments the spontaneous writing, immediate auditory memory, auditory discrimination, phonological awareness and auditory processing screening. Children were divided in two groups (GE – children with exchange of the consonant surd by sound in writing, GC – children without alterations in writing).Results : in GE, eight children (67%) had results abnormal in auditory discrimination and in PCF, the not expected performance in the AFT-R (subtest 1). In GC, only one child (8%) had results abnormal in auditory discrimination, and in PCF; the not expected performance in AFT-R (subtest 1). Fisher’s Exact Test indicated significant difference between groups in the skills of auditory memory and auditory discrimination.Conclusion : there was no significant difference between performances in screening of temporal auditory processing in the groups. Children contaminated by lead and alterations in writing had worst performance in tests of phonological awareness, auditory discrimination, auditory memory.

Can Peripheral Hearing Justify the Speech Disorders in Children with Operated Cleft Palate?

Introduction: Any impairment in the hearing ability of a child with cleft lip and palate may cause difficulties in receptive and expressive language. Purpose: Check the association between velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD), compensatory articulation (CA), and peripheral hearing loss in children with cleft palate surgery. Methods: Retrospective study with 60 children (group 1: presence of VPD and CA; group 2: absence of VPD, presence of CA; group 3: presence of VDP, absence of CA; group 4: absence of VPD and CA), age 4 to 5 years old, with cleft palate surgery, through the analysis of the hearing, VP, and speech evaluations. Results  Group 4 presented 80% normal hearing; group 1 had 60% hearing loss. The conductive hearing loss type was the most frequent. The glottal stop was the most frequent in group 1 and the middorsum palatal plosive in group 2. There was no significant association (p = 0.05) between hearing loss and the presence of compensatory articulations (groups 2 and 4), nor between hearing loss and the presence of VPD (groups 3 and 4; p = 0.12). Statistical significance (p = 0.025) was found when the group with VPD was associated with the group with CA, that is, group 1 with the control group (group 4). Conclusion:  Significant association between peripheral hearing loss, compensatory articulations, and VPD was verified for the children in group 1, which not only presented compensatory articulations but also VPD...

Ocorrência de perda auditiva unilateral em pacientes com fissura labiopalatina / Occurrence of unilateral hearing loss in patients with cleft lip and palate

OBJETIVO: investigar a ocorrência da perda auditiva unilateral em indivíduos com fissura labiopaltina. MÉTODOS: estudo retrospectivo com 500 prontuários de pacientes com fissura labiopalatina. RESULTADOS: foram levantados 55 sujeitos com perda auditiva unilateral, 27(49,1%) do gênero masculino e, 28 (50,9%) do gênero feminino, com média de idade de 14,6 anos. Dezoito (32,73%) apresentaram perda auditiva na orelha direita e 37(67,27%) na orelha esquerda, 72,73% (40 sujeitos) com perda auditiva do tipo condutiva, 18,18% (10 sujeitos) do tipo neurossensorial e 9,09% (5 sujeitos) do tipo mista. Quanto ao grau da perda auditiva foi constatada maior ocorrência de perda auditiva de grau leve. CONCLUSÃO: a perda auditiva unilateral foi mais frequente nos indivíduos com faixa etária de 0 a 11 anos, com igual proporção em gênero. A perda auditiva unilateral pode comprometer aspectos sociais e emocionais do sujeito, levando-o a necessitar de uma intervenção apropriada.

PURPOSE: to investigate the occurrence of unilateral hearing loss in individuals with cleft palate. METHODS: a retrospective study of 500 medical records of patients with cleft palate. RESULTS: 55 subjects have been raised with unilateral hearing loss, 27 (49.1%) were male and 28 (50.9%) were female, mean age of 14.6 years. Eighteen (32.73%) had hearing loss in right ear and 37 (67.27%) in the left ear. Being 72.73% (40 subjects) with conductive hearing loss, 18.18% (10 subjects) sensorineural and 9.09% (5 subjects) of mixed type. Regarding the degree of hearing loss was found higher incidence of mild hearing loss. CONCLUSION: a unilateral hearing loss was more frequent in subjects aged 0-11 years, with equal gender ratio. A unilateral hearing loss may affect social and emotional aspects of the subject, leading him to need an intervention.

Auditory complaints and audiologic assessment in children with surgically repaired cleft lip and palate

INTRODUCTION: At the initial consultation, the speech-language pathologist and audiologist may consider possible diagnostic hypotheses based on the child's history and the parents' complaint. AIM:To investigate the association of hearing complaints with the findings obtained in the conventional audiologic assessment in children with cleft lip and palate. Retrospective study. METHODS: We analyzed medical charts of 1000 patients with cleft lip and palate who underwent surgical repair between 1988 and 1995 at a mean age of 6 years 8 months. We excluded charts with records of inconsistent audiological responses and charts with missing data for any of the audiologic evaluations considered. Thus, the sample consisted of 393 records. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-nine patients presented hearing loss in one or both ears, but only 3.8% reported hearing complaints. The most frequent were otorrhea followed by otalgia. There was no statistical significance between the complaint and gender (p = 0.26) nor between the complaint and hearing loss (p = 0.83). CONCLUSION: This study showed no association between the hearing complaint and the conventional audiologic assessment.

Correlation analysis of the long latency auditory evoked potential N2 and cognitive P3 with the level of lead poisoning in children

Introduction: The effects of lead on children's health have been widely studied. Aim: To analyze the correlation between the long latency auditory evoked potential N2 and cognitive P3 with the level of lead poisoning in Brazilian children. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated 20 children ranging in age from 7 to 14 years at the time of audiological and electrophysiological evaluations. We performed periodic surveys of the lead concentration in the blood and basic audiological evaluations. Furthermore, we studied the auditory evoked potential long latency N2 and cognitive P3 by analyzing the absolute latency of the N2 and P3 potentials and the P3 amplitude recorded at Cz. At the time of audiological and electrophysiological evaluations, the average concentration of lead in the blood was less than 10 ug/dL. Results: In conventional audiologic evaluations, all children had hearing thresholds below 20 dBHL for the frequencies tested and normal tympanometry findings; the auditory evoked potential long latency N2 and cognitive P3 were present in 95% of children. No significant correlations were found between the blood lead concentration and latency (p = 0.821) or amplitude (p = 0.411) of the P3 potential. However, the latency of the N2 potential increased with the concentration of lead in the blood, with a significant correlation (p = 0.030). Conclusion: Among Brazilian children with low lead exposure, a significant correlation was found between blood lead levels and the average latency of the auditory evoked potential long latency N2; however, a significant correlation was not observed for the amplitude and latency of the cognitive potential P3...

Timpanometria em lactentes utilizando sonda multifrequencial / Multifrequency tympanometry in infants

Introdução: O uso de uma única frequência na timpanometria não é sensível na detecção de todos os casos de alteração na orelha média, dificultando o diagnóstico preciso. Objetivo: Caracterização das medidas de imitância acústica de lactentes utilizando três tipos de sonda. Estudo prospectivo. Método: Foram avaliados 54 lactentes, com idade entre zero e três meses. Os critérios de inclusão foram ausência de infecções de vias aéreas, presença de emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes, ausência de indicadores de risco para perda auditiva. Foi realizada entrevista audiológica, inspeção visual do meato acústico externo e medidas de imitância acústica nas frequências de 226Hz, 678Hz e 1000Hz. Foram coletados os registros timpanométricos de efeito de oclusão, curva e pressão de pico timpanométrico, volume equivalente do meato acústico externo e pico compensado da admitância acústica estática. Resultados: Os resultados indicaram presença de efeito de oclusão (2,88% em 226Hz, 4,81% em 678Hz e 3,85% em 1000Hz); predomínio de curva em pico único (65,35% em 226Hz, 81,82% em 678Hz e 77,00% em 1000Hz); pressão de pico variando de -150 a 180daPa; aumento do volume equivalente do meato acústico externo com aumento da frequência da sonda (0,64ml em 226Hz, 1,63mmho em 678Hz e 2,59mmho em 1000Hz); aumento do pico compensado da admitância acústica estática (0,51ml em 226Hz, 0,55mmho em 678Hz e 1,20mmho em 1000Hz). Foram classificados como normais 93,06% dos timpanogramas com 226Hz, 80,81% em 678Hz e 82,00% em 1000Hz. Conclusão: Por meio destas avaliações e resultados foi possível caracterizar as medidas de imitância acústica dos lactentes...

Introduction: The use of conventional tympanometry is not sufficiently sensitive to detect all cases of middle ear changes, and this hinders accurate diagnosis. Objective: To characterize acoustic immittance measures of infants from 0 to 3 months of age using multifrequency tympanometry in a prospective study. Method: 54 infants from 0 to 3 months of age were evaluated. The inclusion criteria included absence of respiratory infections during the evaluation, presence of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, and absence of risk indicators for hearing loss. The subjects were evaluated by an audiologic interview, a visual inspection of the ear canal, and measures of acoustic immittance at the frequencies of 226 Hz, 678 Hz, and 1,000 Hz. Tympanometric records of the occlusion effect, tympanometric curve type, tympanometric peak pressure, equivalent ear canal volume, and peak compensated static acoustic admittance were collected. Results: The results indicated the presence of an occlusion effect (2.88% at 226 Hz, 4.81% at 678 Hz and 3.85% at 1,000 Hz), predominance of a tympanometric curve with a single peak (65.35% at 226 Hz, 81.82% at 678 Hz, and 77.00% at 1,000 Hz), and tympanometric peak pressure ranging from -155 to 180 daPa. Further, the equivalent ear canal volume increased with the frequency of the probe (0.64 mL at 226 Hz, 1.63 mho at 678 Hz, and 2.59 mmho at 1,000 Hz) and the peak compensated static acoustic admittance values increased with an increase in frequency (0.51 mL at 226 Hz, 0.55 mmho at 678 Hz and 1.20 mmho at 1,000 Hz). 93.06% of the tympanograms were classified as normal at 226 Hz, 81.82% at 678 Hz, and 77.00 % at 1,000 Hz, respectively. Conclusion: Taken together, these results demonstrated that utilizing these evaluations made it possible to characterize the acoustic immittance measures of infants...

Aplicabilidade do teste da habilidade de atenção auditiva sustentada - THAAS em campo livre / Applicability of the free field Sustained Auditory Attention Ability Test (SAAAT)

Introdução: A atenção é uma função neuropsicológica subjacente a todos os processos cognitivos. A deficiência auditiva compromete o desenvolvimento normal da criança, alterando diversas habilidades auditivas, incluindo a atenção. Objetivo: comparar o desempenho de crianças no Teste da Habilidade de Atenção Auditiva Sustentada-THAAS, no que se refere às diferentes formas de aplicação (fones auriculares e campo livre), gênero e, ordem de aplicação. Método: participaram 40 crianças (7 anos) voluntárias com desenvolvimento típico, divididas em dois grupos: G1 e G2, compostos de 20 crianças cada. A aplicação do THAAS no G1 se deu primeiramente com fones auriculares e em seguida em campo livre e no G2 o processo foi inverso. A avaliação constituiu-se em: questionário específico, testes auditivos e aplicação do THAAS. Resultados: Não houve diferença significante quanto ao gênero. Para o THAAS com fones, o G1 apresentou maior quantidade de erros de desatenção e pontuação total. Para o THAAS em campo houve uma diferença significante do G2 para o decréscimo de vigilância. Quanto à forma de aplicação, o G1 demonstrou um número maior de erros quando foi utilizado fones. O G2 não demonstrou diferença. Conclusão: Houve viabilidade na aplicação do THAAS em Campo Livre, podendo ser adotado os mesmos valores normativos usados para o modo convencional de avaliação...

Introduction: The attention is an underlying neuropsychology function to all the cognitive processes. The auditory deficiency compromises the normal development of the child, modifying diverse auditory abilities, including the attention. Objective: to compare the performance of children in the Test of the Ability of Auditory Attention Support, as for the different forms of application (auricular phones and free field), sort and, application order. Method: 40 children (7 years old) voluntary with typical development had participated, divided in two groups: G1 and G2, composites of 20 children each. The application of the THAAS in the G1 if gave first with auricular phones and after that in free field and the G2 the process was inverse. The evaluation consisted in: specific questionnaire, auditory tests and application of the THAAS. Results: It did not have significant difference how much to the sort. For the THAAS with phones, the G1 presented greater amount of errors of carelessness and total punctuation. For the THAAS in field it had a significant difference of the G2 for the monitoring decrease. How much to the application form, the G1 demonstrated a bigger number of errors when it was used phones. The G2 did not demonstrate difference. Conclusion: It had viability in the application of the THAAS in Free Field, being able to be adopted the same used normative values for the conventional way of evaluation...

Processamento auditivo, leitura e escrita na síndrome de Silver-Russell: relato de caso / Auditory processing, reading and writing in the Silver-Russell syndrome: case report

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os aspectos fonoaudiológicos de processamento auditivo, leitura e escrita de um paciente do gênero masculino com diagnóstico de síndrome de Silver-Russell. Aos dois meses de idade o paciente apresentava déficit pôndero-estatural; frontal amplo; orelhas pequenas, proeminentes e com baixa implantação; palato ogival; discreta micrognatia; esclera azulada; manchas café-com-leite; sobreposição do primeiro e segundo artelhos à direita; refluxo gastroesofágico; voz e choro agudos; atraso leve no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor; e dificuldade de ganhar peso, recebendo o diagnóstico da síndrome. Na avaliação psicológica, realizada aos 8 anos de idade, o paciente apresentou nível intelectual normal, com dificuldades cognitivas envolvendo atenção sustentada, concentração, memória verbal imediata e processos emocionais e comportamentais. Para avaliação da leitura e escrita e de seus processos subjacentes, realizada aos 9 anos de idade foram utilizados os testes de Compreensão Leitora de Textos Expositivos, Perfil das Habilidades Fonológicas, Teste de Discriminação Auditiva, escrita espontânea, Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE), teste de Nomeação Automática Rápida e prova de memória de trabalho fonológica. Apresentou dificuldades em todos os testes, estando as pontuações abaixo do esperado para sua idade. Na avaliação do processamento auditivo foram realizados testes monóticos, dióticos e dicóticos. Foram encontradas alterações nas habilidades de atenção auditiva sustentada e seletiva, memória sequencial para sons verbais e não-verbais, e resolução temporal. Conclui-se que o paciente apresenta alterações na aprendizagem da leitura e escrita que podem ser secundários a síndrome de Silver-Russell, porém tais dificuldades também podem ser decorrentes das alterações em habilidades do processamento auditivo.

The aim of this study was to describe the speech-language pathology aspects of auditory processing, reading and writing of a male patient diagnosed with Silver-Russell syndrome. With two months of age the patient presented weight-for-height deficit; broad forehead; small, prominent and low-set ears; high palate; discrete micrognathia; blue sclera; cafe-au-lait spots; overlapping of the first and second right toes; gastroesophageal reflux; high-pitched voice and cry; mild neuropsychomotor development delay; and difficulty to gain weight, receiving the diagnosis of the syndrome. In the psychological evaluation, conducted when he was 8 years old, the patient presented normal intellectual level, with cognitive difficulties involving sustained attention, concentration, immediate verbal memory, and emotional and behavioral processes. For an assessment of reading and writing and their underlying processes, carried out at age 9, the following tests were used: Reading Comprehension of Expository Texts, Phonological Abilities Profile, Auditory Discrimination Test, spontaneous writing, Scholastic Performance Test (SPT), Rapid Automatized Naming Test (RANT), and phonological working memory. He showed difficulties in all tests, with scores below expected for his age. In the auditory processing assessment, monotic, diotic and dichotic tests were conducted. Altered results were found for sustained and selective auditory attention abilities, sequencial memory for verbal and non-verbal sounds, and temporal resolution. It can be concluded that the patient presents alterations in the learning of reading and writing that might be secondary to the Silver-Russell syndrome, however, these difficulties can also be due to deficits in auditory processing abilities.

Relação entre nível de chumbo no sangue e desempenho nas habilidades do processamento auditivo / Relationship between lead in the blood and performance in the abilities from hearing process

INTRODUÇÃO: A contaminação por chumbo afeta todos os sistemas do corpo humano, principalmente o sistema nervoso. OBJETIVO: Investigar se há correlação entre o nível de plumbemia e o desempenho em testes do processamento auditivo. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo. 73 crianças, com idade entre 7 a 15 anos, residentes em uma área onde houve emissão de partículas de chumbo acima do permitido, com nível de plumbemia maior ou igual a 10 microgramas/dL, exames audiológicos (audiometria e timpanometria) dentro dos padrões de normalidade. Para avaliar o processamento auditivo foram utilizados o Teste de Fusão Auditiva-Revisado (AFT-R), subteste 1, e o Teste Dicótico de Dígitos (etapa de integração binaural). Foi utilizado o teste de Spearman para verificar a correlação entre os dados. RESULTADOS: O nível de plumbemia variou de 10 a 30,2microgamas/dL, sendo a média correspondente a 15,8 microgramas/dL (desvio-padrão de 4,8). Dessas crianças, 60,3% apresentaram desempenho ruim no teste AFT-R, ou seja, resultados superiores a 60ms. Quanto ao Teste Dicótico de Dígitos, 46,2% das crianças apresentaram desempenho ruim para a orelha direita e 67,3% apresentaram desempenho ruim na orelha esquerda. Conforme o resultado do teste de correlação de Spearman, não houve significância estatística entre o nível de chumbo e os resultados dos testes do processamento auditivo. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve correlação entre o nível de plumbemia e o desempenho nas habilidades do processamento auditivo, entretanto crianças contaminadas pelo chumbo apresentaram desempenho inferior nas habilidades do processamento auditivo.

INTRODUCTION: The contamination by lead affects all the nervous systems from the human body, mostly the nervous system. OBJECTIVE: Investigate if there is correlation between the blood lead levels and the performance in tests of hearing process. METHOD: Retrospective study. 73 children, with ages between 7 to 15 years, residents in a area where happened emission of lead above the permitted, with level of blood lead level bigger or equal to 10 micrograms/dL, audiological exams (audiometry and tympanometry) inside the normality patterns. To evaluate the hearing process were used the Auditory Fusion Test-Revised (AFT-R), subtest 1, and the dichotic test of digits (binaural integration stage). Was used the Spearman test to verify the correlation between the data. RESULTS: The blood lead level varieties from 10 to 30,2 micrograms/dL, being the average corresponding to 15,8 micrograms/dL (standard deviation of 4,8). From those children, 60,3% presented a bad performance for the right ear and 67,3% presented a bad performance of the left ear. According to the results of the tests of correlation of Spearman, there were no significant statistical between the level of lead and the results of hearing processing tests. CONCLUSION: There were no correlation between the blood lead level and the performance in the abilities of the hearing process; however the contaminated children by the lead presented a lower performance in the abilities of the hearing processing.

Percepção dos pais sobre a habilidade de atenção auditiva de seu filho com fissura labiopalatina: estudo retrospectivo / Perception of parents about the auditory attention skills of his kid with cleft lip and palate: retrospective study

INTRODUÇÃO: Para processar e decodificar o estímulo acústico são necessários mecanismos cognitivos e neurofisiológicos. O estímulo auditivo sofre influências de fatores cognitivos de nível mais alto, tais como a memória, atenção e aprendizagem. A privação sensorial ocasionada por perda auditiva do tipo condutiva, frequente na população com fissura labiopalatina, pode afetar várias funções cognitivas - dentre elas a atenção, além de prejudicar os desempenhos escolares, linguísticos e interpessoais. OBJETIVO: Verificar a percepção dos pais de crianças com fissura labiopalatina sobre a atenção auditiva de seus filhos. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de crianças com qualquer tipo de fissura labiopalatina, sem qualquer síndrome genética associada cujos pais responderam a um questionário pertinente sobre a habilidade de atenção auditiva. RESULTADOS: 44 são do gênero masculino e 26 do gênero feminino, 35,71% das respostas foram afirmativas para a presença de perda auditiva e 71,43% para infecções otológicas. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos pais entrevistados apontou pelo menos um dos comportamentos relacionados à atenção contidos no questionário, indicando que a presença de fissura labiopalatina pode estar relacionada com dificuldades quanto à atenção auditiva.

INTRODUCTION: To process and decode the acoustic stimulation are necessary cognitive and neurophysiological mechanisms. The hearing stimulation is influenced by cognitive factor from the highest levels, such as the memory, attention and learning. The sensory deprivation caused by hearing loss from the conductive type, frequently in population with cleft lip and palate, can affect many cognitive functions - among them the attention, besides harm the school performance, linguistic and interpersonal. OBJECTIVE: Verify the perception of the parents of children with cleft lip and palate about the hearing attention of their kids. METHOD: Retrospective study of infants with any type of cleft lip and palate, without any genetic syndrome associate which parents answered a relevant questionnaire about the auditory attention skills. RESULTS: 44 are from the male kind and 26 from the female kind, 35,71% of the answers were affirmative for the hearing loss and 71,43% to otologic infections. CONCLUSION: Most of the interviewed parents pointed at least one of the behaviors related to attention contained in the questionnaire, indicating that the presence of cleft lip and palate can be related to difficulties in hearing attention.

Hearing loss and acquired immune deficiency syndrome: systematic review / Perda auditiva e síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida: revisão sistemática

PURPOSE: To investigate the occurrence of hearing loss in individuals with HIV/AIDS and their characterization regarding type and degree. RESEARCH STRATEGY: It was conducted a systematic review of the literature found on the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, ADOLEC, IBECS, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs and SciELO. SELECTION CRITERIA: The search strategy was directed by a specific question: "Is hearing loss part of the framework of HIV/AIDS manifestations?", and the selection criteria of the studies involved coherence with the proposed theme, evidence levels 1, 2 or 3, and language (Portuguese, English and Spanish). DATA ANALYSIS: We found 698 studies. After an analysis of the title and abstract, 91 were selected for full reading. Out of these, 38 met the proposed criteria and were included on the review. RESULTS: The studies reported presence of conductive, sensorineural, and mixed hearing loss, of variable degrees and audiometric configurations, in addition to tinnitus and vestibular disorders. The etiology can be attributed to opportunistic infections, ototoxic drugs or to the action of virus itself. The auditory evoked potentials have been used as markers of neurological alterations, even in patients with normal hearing. CONCLUSION: HIV/AIDS patients may present hearing loss. Thus, programs for prevention and treatment of AIDS must involve actions aimed at auditory health.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a ocorrência de perda auditiva em indivíduos com HIV/AIDS e sua caracterização quanto ao tipo e grau. ESTRATÉGIA DE PESQUISA: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, EMBASE, ADOLEC, IBECS, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs e SciELO. CRITÉRIOS DE SELEÇÃO: A estratégia de busca foi direcionada por uma questão específica "A perda auditiva faz parte do quadro de manifestações do HIV/AIDS?", e os critérios de seleção dos estudos envolveram a coerência com o tema proposto, os níveis de evidência 1, 2 ou 3 e o idioma (Português, Inglês e Espanhol). ANÁLISE DOS DADOS: Foram localizados 698 estudos. Após análise do título e resumo, selecionaram-se 91 para leitura completa. Destes, apenas 38 atenderam aos critérios propostos e foram incluídos na revisão. RESULTADOS: Os estudos relataram a presença de perda auditiva condutiva, sensorioneural e mista, de grau e configuração audiométrica variáveis, além de zumbido e distúrbios vestibulares. A etiologia pode ser atribuída às infecções oportunistas, medicamentos ototóxicos ou à ação do próprio vírus. Os potenciais evocados auditivos têm sido utilizados como marcadores de alteração neurológica, mesmo em pacientes com audição normal. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes portadores de HIV/AIDS podem apresentar perda auditiva. Sendo assim, programas de prevenção e tratamento da AIDS devem envolver ações voltadas à saúde auditiva.